Emerging infectious diseases: Singapore insights

As a globally connected urban hub in Southeast Asia, Singapore remains highly vulnerable to Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs); over 60% of these threats originate as zoonoses (transfers from animals to humans). The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic underscored the immediate and profound impact of a novel, rapidly transmissible viral zoonosis. This crisis necessitated aggressive non-pharmacological interventions, such as mandatory mask-wearing and contact tracing, to mitigate transmission, while simultaneously emphasizing the need to rapidly generate new scientific knowledge to inform public health policies. In addition to this acute viral threat, Singapore confronts the challenge of zoonotic malaria, particularly the rising prevalence of Plasmodium knowlesi in the broader region. While Singapore has been malaria-free since 1982, continuous vigilance is required due to imported cases, often involving migrant workers from endemic areas, and the presence of Anopheles vectors. In this talk, I will summarize our studies focusing on the immunology and immunomonitoring of these infections and vaccine responses. Furthermore, I will describe key lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic to enhance preparedness and ensure a faster reaction to potential future epidemics.